Summary of vegetation of sea cliffs

On stable 'hard' rock cliffs the 'hard-cliff' plant communities tend to be represented by transitions which reflect the degree of exposure to salt spray and wind which in the most exposed location may over-ride the influence of the underlying rock type. Freedom from intensive human use also allows some rare and sensitive species to survive, including many which have been eliminated from the surrounding more intensively used inland areas. Included amongst these is a high incidence of endemism of some plant species intolerant of competition (notably Limonium spp.) which are found throughout Europe.

On 'soft' rock cliffs stability is of paramount importance to the development of 'soft-cliff' vegetation; though both exposure to salt spray and wind may influence the type of plant community which develops, this is much less obvious. Succession can occur on recent landslips when a period of stability ensues. The open nature of the disturbed surface is exploited by ephemeral plants and animal species, notably invertebrates of bare ground habitats. Given time, major cliff falls can become clothed in woodland as the slopes stabilise.

Comment: The range of plant communities and associated animals varies in space according to the underlying geology, degree of exposure, accessibility and grazing pressure and in relation to the period between erosion episodes. The plant communities which develop are complex reflecting both the maritime nature of the climate and the stability and chemical composition of the soil.