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Pressures on sand dunes
Pressures on sand dunes are many and various and include:
- Habitat
loss through planting of forests with non-native trees, agricultural
intensification, including reseeding and conversion to arable land, housing
and other infrastructure development, building of airfields and use as defence
lands;
- Engineering activities including coastal
defence structures;
- Sand extraction and changes to sediment supply including effects caused
by offshore sand extraction;
- Grazing
management, including the role of the rabbit;
- Tourism and recreational
effects including their use as golf
(links) courses;
- Other issues are, invasive/alien
species, effects of increased nitrogen
levels, pipe laying, including gas and oil, water tables and water
abstraction, acid deposition.
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General guidance: Each of these pressures operates at different
scales and intensities. Not all are negative, for example grazing
management is a significant element in the conservation of
dune grassland.
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