Shingle, other management issues - summary

There are a wide range of other activities that can affect shingle beaches and structures and their associated values.

• agricultural use, including arable conversion and grazing;
• water abstraction;
• military use;
• recreational use;
• forestry plantations;
• dumping.

When combined with habitat loss, recreational pressures and the way in which coastal defences are built and maintained to resource is clearly under great pressure.